![zombie.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTo3GQm3t1zfud7f3irQNeLQvkCgrTC3hQA77pWgosZD2/zombie.jpg) Hi!, I am Adam Saudagar, this is the second part of the blog series *“Numbers in Game Development”* if you haven’t seen the previous one, I highly recommend to do so, link is below [Numbers in Game development | Part 1](https://steemit.com/gaming/@adam-saudagar/use-of-number-in-game-development)
**Part 2** **Maths functions, Whaaaat?** ![thinking.png](https://steemitimages.com/500x500/https://steemitimages.com/DQmcyq6Kc78MgMXomuKc3tzBCPkVqUU3a3BHryf7HdTdpMP/thinking.png)So, in the last part we decided to make a zombie game where the zombie spawn rate increases exponentially with respect to the amount of zombies you killed. So what does the word “exponentially” mean? You might have seen equations like ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?2^4) in school, and you would know that its answer is ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?2^4&space;=&space;2&space;\times&space;2&space;\times&space;2&space;\times&space;2&space;=&space;16) lets see what happens if we change this equation a bit, replace 4 with x and make that equal to y ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y&space;=&space;2^x) This is known as *exponential function*, what does it mean then? It simply means that, if you want the answer to become **16** like before then we have to plug in **_x_ = 4**, ![graph1.png](https://steemitimages.com/300x300/https://steemitimages.com/DQmUNNJxzSQNBAaCgh3HUx7vecpqZoynjKGDbvu25SN9aVB/graph1.png) ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y&space;=&space;2^x)so if you draw a line on **_x_ = 4**, it will intersect the exponential curve on **_y_ = 16**, as you see in the graph. Similar to **_x_=4**, if you plug any value for _x_ and you will receive a value of _y_. Try it yourself by clicking on the graph above, drag the slider, you will get the value of _y_, for the _x_ you have selected **I am growing Exponentially :D** ![growing_up.png](https://steemitimages.com/500x500/https://steemitimages.com/DQmbKGA6UTGvNGZbZMNszoPwSDvNTJg3QUrApW79V3aPW2H/growing_up.png) By trying the graph yourself, you might have noticed that as the value of _x_ increases, not only _y_ increases, but the rate of which _y_ increases also increases. If you don’t understand this sentence, compare the exponential graph with linear graph, click the graph to try it out ![graph3.png](https://steemitimages.com/300x300/https://steemitimages.com/DQmSEjZr5j6uMh7nLpNncrCUcDjE5EYAM9yZVJM4WKR1cj8/graph3.png)In linear graph, the rate by which _y_ increases with respect to _x_ remains constant. In the case of given equation, if _x_ is increased by 1, y will increase by 2, no mater what the previous value of _x_ was. But in case of exponential function. If previous value of _x_ was 1 and you increase it by 1, _y_ will increase by 2, whereas if the previous value of _x_ was 2 and you increase it by 1, _y_ will increase by 4. This is what exponential function is. **Rise my zombies** As I told you before, looking at just the maths will confuse anyone, but when we see the maths working in a game, we will understand how these maths functions work. So lets see how we will implement this maths in the game. First I will show you how the game works with a constant frequency of zombie spawning, then we will use linear growth function to understand how the variables in the game and maths variables links. And then we will implement our exponential growth function. Piece of cake, isn’t it? **The undead variables** ![photo2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQq4N62VZeo11HJNVytcGXd8wnEacDFa8wbeRhpeZZcxB/photo2.png) Lets just see what are the variables we will use - _killCount_ (_c_) : this is the number of zombies we killed from the start - _spawnFrequency_ (_f_) : this shows how many zombies will spawn in the map in 1 second, this is what we want to increase exponentially with respect to _killCount_ - _spawnIncreaseRate_ (_r_): this is the rate by which _spawnFrequency_ increases - _initialSpawnFrequency_ (_f_i_) : this is the _spawnFrequency_ in the start of the game - _finalSpawnFrequency_ (_f_f_) : this is the maximum value for _spawnFrequency_. We are keeping this because we don’t want our player to get destroyed by crazy amounts of zombies LOL - _killCountThreshold_ (_c_f_) : this is the threshold amount of kills after which frequency becomes constant. **Enough with the boring stuff** ![angry.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeLifoPzaV3RLP4BYAV2mMn3vjVJqrxBZ6B2TjgxsThD9/angry.jpg) Yeh, I know this has been boring enough, lets just see how the game works right now, with constant _spawnFrequency_. https://youtu.be/p1aABsVHdpk I know the frequency is constant, but just to visualize it, lets plot a graph of _killCount_ vs _spawnFrequency_, to have a better understanding of the situation ![gamegraph1.png](https://steemitimages.com/400x400/https://steemitimages.com/DQmYVmp7fV2UiEF72citekcR8zUWByda73p3sCj5Ft277pF/gamegraph1.png) As you can see, for any value of _killCount_, _spawnFrequency_ stays the same. We don’t want that. So how do we want it to be? **Growing linear** What we want to do is, increase zombie _spawnFrequency_ as the _killCount_ increases, lets try to make a rough graph for it. ![drawnGraph.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/400x400/https://steemitimages.com/DQmTaZMXZ5ULJGdD7gmVxNwdbbwjekpEdj1VDZTQp4hiQTh/drawnGraph.jpeg) In the graph, we can see that when _killCount_ is 0, the _spawnFrequency_ is _f_i_, that means in the start of the game when the player doesn’t have any kills, _spawnFrequency_ will start at _f_i_. We can see that from _f_i_ to _f_f_ the graph looks like a line, so we can plug in equation for line, which is![y=mx+c](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?{\color{Blue}&space;y=mx+c}) Lets check it out in desmos and see how it looks, click the equation above, try changing *m* and *c* to see how it effects the graph. We were dealing with the variables we defined earlier, but what are these new variables, _y_, _m_, _x_, _c_. By simply comparing the graph we drew and the graph in desmos we can see that, _y_ represents the Y-axsis, which is _spawnFrequency_. _x_ represents the X-axis which is _killCount_. _m_ represents the rate at which y increases, this also known as gradient in mathematics, that is _spawnIncreaseRate_. And _c_ is called y-intercept in mathematics, which means the point on y axis where the line cuts or the value for _y_ when _x_ is zero. Hence _c_ = _f_i_. So writing the equation in terms of variables we are using for the game we get ![f = rc + fi](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f=r\times&space;c+f_{i}) looking back at our graph, line just goes from *f_i* to *f_f* after that the frequency stays at *f_f* so if ![0 <= c <= cf](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?0&space;<=&space;c&space;<=&space;c_{f}) ![f = rc + fi](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f=r\times&space;c+f_{i}) if ![c > cf](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?c&space;>&space;c_{f}) ![f = ff](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f&space;=&space;f_{f}) **Coding It Linearly** ![cat-computer.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmd2jLZPWW8nc3pAenEieQ8z6YdzK18ePBmWBHWeeRa3iR/cat-computer.jpg) We have finally calculated the equation for spawnFrequency but we can’t simply plug these formulae in the code. First we’ll have to decide what we want to adjust manually and use those to calculate rest of the formuales. The varables we’ll need to enter manually are _initalSpawnFrequency_ (_f_i_), _finalSpawnFreqency_ (_f_f_) and _spawnIncreaseRate_ (_r_). We will get _killCount_ (_c_) from the game itself, as the player kill enemies _killCount_ will increase. And as for _f_, we calculated the formulae in the previous section. Only variable left to calculate is _c_f_. To calculate _c_f_, what we will have to do is plug the point (_c_f_, _f_f_) into the equation (![f = rc + fi](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?f&space;=&space;r_{c}&space;+&space;f_{i})) and solve for _c_f_. ![solvingcf.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/300x300/https://steemitimages.com/DQmU1BAF3Xt9u67E8ke6C8FSjovW78mxGGaHx5NDYR1N4hH/solvingcf.jpeg) **Watching it work (Linear)** So the equation we got is ![cf](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?c_{f}=\frac{f_{f}-f_{i}}{r}), now lets code these equations and see the result for ourselves![code.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcwnDSnTERw5DRXYPEx2i3WZf93ZYrXYxsmE4aQeFXDzz/code.png)

![values.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbnYsH72cGc5bgNuJf4favtNEBXChfpibLS9HwbLo9WaP/values.png)
When the game executes, Start() fuction runs once then, Update() function loops for each frame. In the Start() function, first we use the *killCountThreshold* formula that we calculated, then we initialized *spawnFrequency* to *initialSpawnFrequency*, then we start spawning process by calling *StartCoroutine(spawn())*. The first statement in Update() function is called Ternary operator, its synatx it, ![](https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?result&space;=&space;condition&space;?&space;exp1&space;:&space;exp2) when the condition is true, result will be assigned to exp1, if the condition is false, result will be assigned to exp2. This statement will work as same as the code which is commented. We use this for the equations of *spawnFrequency*. Then we give custom values for the *initalSpawnFrequency*= 0.5, *spawnIncreaseRate*=0.5, *finalSpawnFrequency*=10.
https://youtu.be/7PwjsV3VwUg

![gamegraph2.png](https://steemitimages.com/400x400/https://steemitimages.com/DQmWrjm5yv9foDGhKZBx3BYXMQXM9w5NHLmcCgUqe1vTnLU/gamegraph2.png) As you can see, we can literally visualize the graph that we calculated by maths into the game itself. This is the beauty of mathematics. In the next part we will make it so the _spawnFrequency_ grows exponentially instead of linearly, Thanks for reading my post, follow me to stay tuned for upcoming parts, and don’t forget to press the like button. I’ll see you guys later. Squad fam out!