TURKISH PRONUNCIATION

1. Turkish alphabet

The Turkish alphabet contains 29 letters. Q, w, and x do not occur. Six Turkish letters are unfamiliar to the American student’s eye. They are the three consonants ç, ğ, and ş, and the three vowels ɩ,ü,and ö . The capital forms of these letters are ç, Ç, ğ,Ğ, ş, Ş, ı, I, ö, Ö, and ü, Ü. Note that the capital form of ɩ (called the ‘ undotted i ’) is I; that of i (the ‘ dotted i ’) is İ.

LETTER| | PRONUNCIATION

• Aa → as u in sun
• Bb → as in English
• Cc → as j in jump
• Çç → as ch in church
• Dd → as in English
• Ee → as in fed
• Ff → as in English
• Gg → as in go
• Ğğ → as y in yet
• Hh → as in head
• Iı → as the second vowel in nation
• İi → as in bit
• Jj → as s in measure
• Kk → as in king
• L1 → as in English
• Mm → as in English
• Nn → as in English
• Oo → as o in falsetto
• Öö → as eu in French peu
• PP → as in English
• Rr → as in rock
• Ss → as in sit
• Şş → as sh in shoe
• Tt → as in English
• Uu → as u in pull
• Üü → as ü in über
• Vv → as in English
• Yy → as in yellow
• Zz → as in English
  In general, stress tends to be placed on the last syllable in a word.

2.‘ Soft g ’

Ğ, ğ (yumuşak ge ‘ soft g ’). This letter never begins a word. When it immediately follows a back vowel, a vowel formed in the back of the mouth (a, i, o, u), its sound resembles the glide one hears between the words ‘ go on’ or between the words ‘ go over’ when either of these pairs of words is slurred (as in ağaç ‘ tree’). When yumuşak ge immediately follows a front vowel, a vowel formed in the front of the mouth (e, i, ö, ü), its sound is approximately that of y in ‘ yet’ (as in diğer ‘ other’).

3.Doubled consonants

The sound of a doubled consonant is prolonged well beyond that of the same consonant when single.
elli→ fifty eli→the hand (objective)

4.The circumflex accent

The circumflex accent (^) may stand over the vowels a, i, and u (â, î, û). It has two distinct functions.

a) Standing over the letter a which is preceded by g, k, or I (gâ, kâ, lâ), the circumflex indicates that a y sound is to be pronounced between the consonant and the following a. In the syllable lâ, the y sound is fainter than in the syllables gâ and kâ.
gâvur → heathen
kâr → profit (compare kar ‘ snow’)
lâle → tulip

b) Except in the syllables gâ, kâ, and lâ, the circumflex indicates that the vowel sound is to be prolonged. This is the case in the many (originally Arabic) adjectives ending in Î.
Şamî → Damascene (Şam ‘ Damascus ’)
Lübnanî → Lebanese (Lübnan ‘ the Lebanon’)
millî → national
edebî→ literary
İktisadî→ economic, economical

Sometimes the circumflex is used to distinguish between two words which, without it, would be spelled and pronounced identically.
Ali → proper name (of a man)
âli → lofty, sublime

Occasionally a word beginning with ga, ka, or la has a long vowel in the first syllable but does not have in that syllable the y sound which the use of a circumflex (gâ, kâ, lâ) would indicate. This may be shown by doubling the a,
e.g. kaatil→ ‘murderer.’
Compare katil→ ‘murder.’

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