Archival paper is a tool like any other in the world. If you were to make something you like on a material that doesn't last very long, it would seem like it's almost not worth it. I want the longevity in the art I create to be at it's maximum potential. If someone asks me to paint them or commissions me, I want them to have something that will last. If it yellows right away or starts to break apart, what type of impression does that leave?
A Brief History
It's generally thought that paper was invented around 100 BC in China. Originally wet hemp was beaten to a pulp, then they began using bamboo, tree bark, and other plant fibers. It initially was reserved only for official documents, but as it got more efficient and cheaper more people were able to use it.
The earliest known paper in Europe is in the 11th century with a document called "Missal of Silos" in Spain. This document was to be read at Mass and Linen was the key ingredient. The Gutenberg Printing Press came along in the 15th century and made larger scale printing more accessible with linen, rags, cotton, or other plant fibers. In the 19th century wood fiber printing came along.
Why does paper yellow anyways?
Conventional Paper
"Newspapers provide perhaps the best example of the antithesis of archival paper, since they are made as cheaply as possible, as most people recycle them after one reading. Newspapers quickly turn yellow and brittle, an undesired trait in important documents." - Wisegeek
There are two primary elements that contribute to the degradation of paper.
Lignin
Lignin is a component of the cell wall of a plant. When Lignin is exposed to heat, it begins to yellow. Paper containing lignin can weather over time as it gets exposed to warmer environments.
Acid
Acid increases the fragility, brittleness and thinness of paper.
Vellum
Throughout history as printing became more popular, more important documents that needed to be preserved were printed on vellum. Vellum is made of calfskin. People began to research what elements made paper last longer. These discoveries led to Acid and Lignin.
New Process
Making an acid-free paper turns out to be more complicated, resulting in a more expensive product. Lignin has to be removed through a special treatment, and then is made pH neutral or alkaline (preferred). Soda ash or calcium carbonate is added to make the paper more alkaline. The paper that results from this holds both ink and colors for longer and lasts much longer than conventional paper.
Thoughts
The reason I use this paper is because of the paper lasting longer, holding ink and colors for longer. In fact, most artists will be using this type of paper. Museums require a certain quality of archival paper for submission.
Tip: When shopping look for Acid-free, this is a strong indicator that it is archival! Others show Lignen-free or pH Neutral as well.
Favorite Brands
A few brands I really love for archival watercolor paper are Arches, Fluid, Yupi (for more transparent, or pulp-free modern feel), and Canson is good for sketching. For the cheaper end options look at Canson at Michael's.
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